USES OF X RAYS
- X-ray crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction
of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is
recorded and then analysed to reveal the nature .
- X-ray astronomy, which is an observational branch of astronomy, which deals with the study of X-ray emission from celestial objects.
- X-ray microscopic analysis, which uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce images of very small objects.
- X-ray fluorescence,
a technique in which X-rays are generated within a specimen and
detected. The outgoing energy of the X-ray can be used to identify the
composition of the sample.
- Industrial radiography uses X-rays for inspection of industrial parts, particularly welds.
- Industrial CT
(computed tomography) is a process which uses X-ray equipment to
produce three-dimensional representations of components both externally
and internally. This is accomplished through computer processing of
projection images of the scanned object in many directions.
- Paintings are often X-rayed to reveal the underdrawing and pentimenti or alterations in the course of painting, or by later restorers. Many pigments such as lead white show well in X-ray photographs.
- X-ray spectromicroscopy has been used to analyse the reactions of
pigments in paintings. For example, in analysing colour degradation .
- Airport security luggage scanners use X-rays for inspecting the interior of luggage for security threats before loading on aircraft.
- Border control truck scanners use X-rays for inspecting the interior of trucks.
- X-ray art and fine art photography, artistic use of X-rays, for example the works by Stane Jagodič
- X-ray hair removal, a method popular in the 1920s but now banned by the FDA.
- Shoe-fitting fluoroscopes
were popularized in the 1920s, banned in the US in the 1960s, banned in
the UK in the 1970s, and even later in continental Europe.
- Roentgen stereophotogrammetry is used to track movement of bones based on the implantation of markers
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a chemical analysis technique relying on the photoelectric effect, usually employed in surface science.
- X-rays can identify bone structures, X-rays have been used for medical imaging .
- X-ray detectors vary in shape and function depending on their purpose. Imaging detectors such as those used for radiography were originally based on photographic plates and later photographic film but are now mostly replaced by various digital detector types such as image plates or flat panel detectors. For radiation protection direct exposure hazard is often evaluated using ionization chambers, while dosimeters are used to measure the radiation dose a person has been exposed to. X-ray spectra can be measured either by energy dispersive or wavelength dispersive spectrometers.
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